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A Tale of Two American Economies

From the Globe and Mail:

While the United States recently reported 3.5 per cent GDP growth in the third quarter, suggesting that the most severe recession since the Great Depression is over, the American economy is actually much weaker than official data suggest. In fact, official measures of GDP may grossly overstate growth in the economy, as they don’t capture the fact that business sentiment among small firms is abysmal and their output is still falling sharply. Properly corrected for this, third-quarter GDP may have been 2 per cent rather than 3.5 per cent.

The story of the U.S. is, indeed, one of two economies. There is a smaller one that is slowly recovering and a larger one that is still in a deep and persistent downturn.

Consider the following facts. While America’s official unemployment rate is already 10.2 per cent, the figure jumps to a whopping 17.5 per cent when discouraged workers and partially employed workers are included. And, while data from firms suggest that job losses in the past three months were about 600,000, household surveys, which include self-employed workers and small entrepreneurs, suggest a number above two million.

Moreover, the total effect on labour income – the product of jobs times hours worked times average hourly wages – has been more severe than that implied by the job losses alone, because many firms are cutting their workers’ hours, placing them on furlough or lowering their wages as a way to share the pain.

Many of the lost jobs – in construction, finance, and outsourced manufacturing and services – are gone forever, and recent studies suggest that a quarter of U.S. jobs can be fully outsourced over time to other countries. Thus, a growing proportion of the work force – often below the radar screen of official statistics – is losing hope of finding gainful employment, while the unemployment rate (especially for poor, unskilled workers) will remain high for a much longer period of time than in previous recessions.

Consider also the credit markets. Prime borrowers with good credit scores and investment-grade firms are not experiencing a credit crunch at this point, as the former have access to mortgages and consumer credit while the latter have access to bond and equity markets.

But non-prime borrowers – about one-third of U.S. households – do not have much access to mortgages and credit cards. They live from paycheque to paycheque – often a shrinking paycheque, owing to the decline in hourly wages and hours worked. And the credit crunch for non-investment-grade firms and smaller firms, which rely mostly on access to bank loans rather than capital markets, is still severe.

Or consider bankruptcies and defaults by households and firms. Larger firms – even those with large debt problems – can refinance their excessive liabilities in or out of court, but an unprecedented number of small businesses are going bankrupt. The same holds for households, with millions of weaker and poorer borrowers defaulting on mortgages, credit cards, auto loans, student loans and other consumer credit.

Consider also what is happening to private consumption and retail sales. Recent monthly figures suggest a rise in retail sales. But, because the official statistics capture mostly sales by larger retailers and exclude the fall by hundreds of thousands of smaller stores and businesses that have failed, consumption looks better than it really is.

And, while higher-income and wealthier households have a buffer of savings to smooth consumption and avoid having to increase savings, most lower-income households must save more, as banks and other lenders cut back on home-equity loans and lower limits on credit cards. As a result, the household savings rate has risen from zero to 4 per cent of disposable income. But it must rise further, to 8 per cent, in order to reduce the high leverage of the household sector.

To be sure, the U.S. government is increasing its budget deficits to put a floor under demand. But most state and local governments that have experienced a collapse in tax revenues must sharply retrench spending by firing policemen, teachers and firefighters while also cutting welfare benefits and social services for the poor. Many state and local governments in poorer regions are at risk of bankruptcy without a massive federal bailout.

Moreover, income and wealth inequality is rising again. Poorer households are at greater risk of unemployment, falling wages or reductions in hours worked, all leading to lower labour income, whereas on Wall Street, outrageous bonuses have returned with a vengeance. With the stock market rising and home prices still falling, the wealthy are becoming richer, while the middle class and the poor – whose main wealth is a house rather than equities – are becoming poorer and being saddled with an unsustainable debt burden.

So, while the United States may technically be close to the end of a severe recession, most of America is facing a near-depression. Little wonder, then, that few Americans believe that what walks like a duck and quacks like a duck is actually the phoenix of recovery.

Nouriel Roubini is professor of economics at New York University’s Stern School of Business and chairman of RGE Monitor.

32 Responses to “A Tale of Two American Economies”

Morbid's GhostNovember 18th, 2009 at 9:19 am

NBC News broadcast an “exclusive” interview with Obama thismorning. One question was about losing weight. His answer was thatI’m not, but my hair is starting to gray.”I worry about people finding jobs, about people getting heath care,about the economy, and about our young men in harms way…that’s aheavy weight on my shoulders.”What a curious answer. Besides self-serving, these “worries” are notsomething that turns a person’s hair gray.What will make your hair turn prematurely grey, and what will makeyou lose weight is being caught in a continuous now-win situationwhere you are f*cked no matter which way you move. It makes onefreeze in fear.If you know there is no more cheap energy, if you know there is no waywe can grow out of our debt, if you know the Fed’s actions will eventuallytrigger inflation, if you know that it will require more and more militarylives to protect our oil interests which can/will slip through our fingersand if you know that the Ukaine virus leaked from our Baxter bio-weaponslab.http://www.zerohedge.com/article/deadly-flu-spreads-across-ukraineNow there are some problems that will make your hair turn prematurelygrey!

economicminorNovember 18th, 2009 at 12:28 pm

“few Americans believe that what walks like a duck and quacks like a duck is actually the phoenix of recovery”

Well Professor, are you saying this rhetorically or is this a prediction? You are starting to sound like a lot of your loyal bloggers.So >>>> this means that the recovery is a false one or just a statistical one and because the consumer is 70+% of the US economy that we are going to fall statistically back into a double dip recession?Few Americans believe and Main Street has felt few benefits from the *stimulus*. While Wall Street passes out hundreds of billions in what we see as stolen from ours and our children’s future.Voters/citizens in the US are mad as hell but the *opposition* party is nowhere to go. I’m worried that if there isn’t substantial movement towards real change in the financial TBTF/TBTE group before the next election that voters will shoot themselves in the feet by moving right and further complicating the outcomes. Which will make matters worse as the *opposition* party seems also to be stuck on stupid.I know from past blogs that you like Tim, Larry and Ben. I understand why you wouldn’t want to show them any disrespect but from my point of view, from the wilds of the Oregon woods, they seem to be from the school who led us into this mess rather than guys who can objectively look at the issues and make decisions that would place their previous decisions and their friends and mentors in a bad light, if not worse. I really do not expect to see any significant real change until those at the top of the existing financial pyramid are toppled from their towers and replaced with people who have much broader more open minds.The only way I can only see a new round of stimulus having any positive affect is if it is very large and directed at the people rather than the TBTE institutions. Make it huge so that those with debts can pay them way down or off and those with no debts will spend it.. Thus resetting the economy. Sure there will be massive inflation but I see no other option… Lending people who have more debt than they can already handle is a stupid idea. And the rest of us want no more debt because we see the consequences as negative.You are truly a man of the New Millennium! A great man and a pretty humble one in spite of all your popularity.Thanks again for this blog and all your work and insights.

GuestNovember 18th, 2009 at 1:27 pm

I read recently the qoute, “societies only react to crisis.” I think this is correct for the U.S. government, dominated by a two party system in which undermining each others actions is akin to a childs game. The only legislative action that will begin to pull our economy up will be born from cirsis, and an acute one at that. The “final hour compromise” is the means for diverting cataclysmic events. May integrity and intellectual honesty win out in the next election cycle. And, may more and more voters take note of what their “representatives” truly have been practicing on the Hill. Rhetoric is cheap, like the values that too many elected officials live by.

SoftwarengineerNovember 18th, 2009 at 3:20 pm

Cold Hearted Trickle Down Theories Never WorkThe water turns to icicles before it gets to the poorer masses.Also, RE: stimulus and job creations, its one thing to give incomes of up to $150K another $6500 tax credit to buy homes [or refinance], whether they paid $6500 in income tax or not….its another thing to feed and employ the 1 in 7 [50,000,000] in America that go hungry every day now. You may think that’s not as bad as the Great Depression was, but bear in mind, we have no Dust Bowl this time.The Democratic Party used to be for the little guy, I said used to be.

GuestNovember 18th, 2009 at 6:07 pm

Because capitalism and excessive leverage encourage corporations to produce more and more poisonous foods in the fight for profits. Longer shelf life, poorer ingredients means higher profits which means death and obesity for the people – isn’t capitalism wonderful the profit motive cures all!!

Schopenhauer12November 18th, 2009 at 6:35 pm

I’d like to put in a plug for Charles Morris’s excellent new ‘The Sages’ (on Volcker, Soros, and Buffett), which makes it clear (without saying so) that we are in the grips of a benign (for now) oligarchy (note- not meritocracy), where even these 3 Wise Men can’t shake the power-driven certainty of Tim-Ben-Larry that their policies and assumptions are exactly what go us into this mess. And after the recent sad spectacle of Buffett’s ‘Talk-your-book boosterism’ on Charlie Rose, I’m not so sure he deserves the accolades Morris gives him (I think Bogle deserves his place more than Buffett frankly).

GuestNovember 18th, 2009 at 7:10 pm

And you knew that there a lot of angry people out there, especially right-wing types (who would kill to preserve life)!Isn’t power grand?

GuestNovember 18th, 2009 at 7:18 pm

And, back at the start of the Great Depression the population was 150 million.One would have to be blind to not notices that the more stable countries are those with smaller populations: Norway, Sweden and Denmark are leaders as far as quality of life goes; much of that reason is due to their smaller, more manageable, populations. NOTE: I detest governments, ALL governments (right-wing anti-socialism types need not apply for a debate with me).

GuestNovember 18th, 2009 at 7:29 pm

There is NO “solution/magic bullet.” And no single person or small group of entities is going to resolve things for “US.”We’re losing value. The government cannot/does not add value!We collectively swapped the horse crap, now we’ve got no alternatives other than to spit it out or swallow it (and then crap it back out). Either way, it’s going to get purged.

gAntonNovember 18th, 2009 at 9:18 pm

What’s Wrong With The Economy?The following are the essential problem characteristics of our current economy that have caused it to go awry:1. A huge government debt that can only be repayed (if it ever is) with highly inflated, semi-worthless dollars. Related to this is the issuance of arbitrary and preposterously large amounts of fiat paper money.2. A huge private debt, much of which will never be repayed.3. A non-productive, highly consumptive, poorly structured, and badly damaged economy.4. Unwarranted federal government interference with and manipulation of markets as follows:a: Buy and sell manipulation, especially in the stock and gold markets.b. Suppression and falsification of market data.c. Generation of market statistics that do not measure what the are purported to measure.d. Lending money at negative interest rates, which has caused a large amount of non-productive and dangerous speculation. the formation of the stock and housing markets bubbles the bursting of which caused the current recession, etc.. Recent loaning has resulted in creation of new bubbles and a weakening of the dollar.5. The executive and legislative branches of government are essentially owned by industry in general and Wall Street in particular. For example, Obama could not support legislation that all campaign contributions would have to be made to political parties and not to individuals, as he himself is at the top of industries virtual payroll of politicians.*****The above is not complete, but it’s a fairly good start at a comprehensive problem definition. It describes the disease, and factors like unemployment, banks going broke, export of jobs, etc. and the items mentioned by Dr. Rubini are symptoms of this disease. Bernanke, Obama, et al have been treating (unsuccessfully, I might add) the symptoms of the disease, and not the disease itself. I also find it interesting that during the treatment period, all five factors listed above have not been abated, but most have intensified. These guys have not been making things better, they’ve been making them worse.

Tantric CougarNovember 18th, 2009 at 10:03 pm

YES, it can be!You are SECOND!”Thanks or Tanks for your cooperation”!Mis besosIn Time: US$, your end will be the end of actual monetary sistem! Worst than the worst Armageddon, then global and radical socialism! Sur, a long long way, but its beginning will be soon!

ChignosNovember 19th, 2009 at 1:02 am

Obi put himself in his own box. His ideology is a no win. Disaster’s what you have when a leader has not the fear of God. Obama is his own god. He has no idea how to improve this nation. And he won’t unless he gets down on his knees and really sincerely prays for wisdom.

GuestNovember 21st, 2009 at 10:36 am

“Each month, the U.S. Credit system and economy become only more vulnerable to a rise in yields (mortgage and Treasury borrowing costs, in particular). Imagine the U.S. housing market in an environment of much higher mortgage rates and then ponder the scope of the Fannie/Freddie/FHLB/FHA bailouts in the event of a spike in yields. Picture the dilemma faced by Treasury if its borrowing costs jump significantly. How about the fiscal position of state and local governments? Could our frail banking system handle a surprise rise in rates? And imagine the corner policymakers would find themselves boxed into when the Fed loses control over market yields.It is not clear to me whether it will unfold over months or years. But I do expect a more complete Paradigm shift to foster waning influence of the Fed over global market yields commensurate with fading U.S. economic dominance. Unless global reflationary forces dissipate, this implies a future adjustment period for U.S. interest-rate and risk asset markets. And when the Fed eventually loses command over market yields, the risks associated with today’s policy course will likely manifest into a very problematic financial and economic crisihttp://prudentbear.com/index.php/creditbubblebulletinview?art_id=10306s.”

GuestNovember 21st, 2009 at 10:43 am

Sorry, I bungled the last part of this quote from Doug Noland a couple of weeks agos. I’ll try again.”Each month, the U.S. Credit system and economy become only more vulnerable to a rise in yields (mortgage and Treasury borrowing costs, in particular). Imagine the U.S. housing market in an environment of much higher mortgage rates and then ponder the scope of the Fannie/Freddie/FHLB/FHA bailouts in the event of a spike in yields. Picture the dilemma faced by Treasury if its borrowing costs jump significantly. How about the fiscal position of state and local governments? Could our frail banking system handle a surprise rise in rates? And imagine the corner policymakers would find themselves boxed into when the Fed loses control over market yields.It is not clear to me whether it will unfold over months or years. But I do expect a more complete Paradigm shift to foster waning influence of the Fed over global market yields commensurate with fading U.S. economic dominance. Unless global reflationary forces dissipate, this implies a future adjustment period for U.S. interest-rate and risk asset markets. And when the Fed eventually loses command over market yields, the risks associated with today’s policy course will likely manifest into a very problematic financial and economic crisis.”http://prudentbear.com/index.php/creditbubblebulletinview?art_id=10306s

RedCreekNovember 21st, 2009 at 2:08 pm

http://business.timesonline.co.uk/tol/business/economics/article6918308.eceIn the bloodcurdling programme notes, the Japanese bond market has a plot, a setting and a cast of characters that should logically guarantee a great horror show.There is the monstrous spectre of public debt –— a bogeyman that has swollen to nearly 200 per cent of GDP and which the IMF predicts could burgeon to 246 per cent within five years. There are the hapless Japanese villagers, too old and weak to fight the debt beast and no longer able to sate its hunger from their gold stashes. There is the spooky old castle of Japan itself — a rickety shadow of its former glory with crumbling walls and dark secrets.The most extreme hypothesis is apocalyptic and ends with sovereign default by the world’s second largest economy as the titanic Japanese Government bonds (JGB) market is finally exposed as the Ponzi scheme some believe it might be. The only happy ending, supposedly, is for those investors bold enough to short Japanese debt — a trade that has only ever led to disappointment and ruination.Quite reasonably, some parts of the market are already worked-up in anticipation of all this financial gore.Japan does owe a spectacular amount of money, mostly to Japanese, and a glance at demographics and economic fundamentals suggest it was always going to be hard to pay off.If the servicing costs rise because the Japanese stop buying bonds, runs the chilling narrative, it all turns nasty. Yields on the 10-year note have indeed climbed to 1.47 per cent in a steady rise since September, although they tumbled to 1.37 per cent yesterday as the five-year auction was well covered and deflation concerns took over. Credit default swap (CDS) spreads have risen sharply and credit ratings agencies, though not actually changing their view, are sharpening their pencils in case net debt issuance takes another wild swing north.Helping the hype is the fact that Japan has been a truly dreadful steward of its debt, postponing fiscal consolidation for 30 long years as the problem turned uglier. But, like so many mediocre horror films, much of the impact is lost in the detail and the plot is actually rather hackneyed. Nothing has changed substantially over the past few weeks, and there is no real reason to suspect that the Bank of Japan will not buy JGBs as disaster looms. With the scary music turned down low, you can see how a lot of the effects were done.To start with, there is the question of whether gross debt to GDP ratio is deadly or even the right number to be looking at. Britain in the 1950s amassed gross debt above the 250 per cent mark and still managed to found the National Health Service. Looked at in terms of debt servicing costs, Japan is not especially more endangered than the US, UK, France or Germany.Secondly, Japan’s debt is almost entirely held by Japanese. That does not remove the risk that JGBs will lose their appeal and yields will rise, but it does mean that the Government knows precisely the kind of investor it is dealing with: all it has to do is what it has always done since 1989 and used the law to make every other investment — from property to the stockmarket — unappealing. CDS spreads too are a financial instrument used mainly by non-Japanese: given that 94 per cent of JGBs are held by Japanese, it is just possible that CDS spreads are not the most accurate predictor of JGB market behaviour.None of this can disguise, however, that Japan’s situation is extreme and fraught with the danger of chronic mismanagement. It does, however, have two potential saviours waiting in the wings.The first would be to substantially lower the threshold where people pay inheritance tax from the current levels of Y60million (£400,000). As matters stand, only a small minority pay death duties: if that balance were shifted to become even a large minority, the fiscal position would quickly improve.The second, says Nicholas Smith of MF Global, would simply be to insist that more companies pay the tax they should already be paying. That requires an acknowledgement that there is a highly abused tax regime in Japan, with the small and medium-sized companies as the suspected culprits. Corporate tax in Japan is the highest in the OECD but tax to GDP ratio is among the lowest. It is explained by the fact that less than 30 per cent of Japanese companies booked a profit for tax purposes in fiscal 2008, though a great many of those are certainly performing better than breakeven. For every company that pays its taxes, 2.4 do not because the regime is sloppy and Japanese politics has always secretly favoured the little guy.It is a horror show, certainly, but if companies stop hiding profits and the dead pay their taxes, the X-rating is not a foregone conclusion.

RedCreekNovember 22nd, 2009 at 6:50 am

sorry – havent had time to read the entire thread, so hope i am not repeating anything…. point is very simple: wow japan is in deeper sht than i thought.also – the “black hole” is not gone, only got transfered from private to public/govt (think prof. R said this first), the likelihood of a sovereign default is now significant and japan seems to be a candidate. the japanese scenario of over a decade of debt growth exceeding underlying economic growth is a scenario that could very well be a precedent for the anglosaxon world (US and UK).i am an analyst sitting literally in the middle of a trading floor in london, and last friday there was trader chatter about ukraine defaulting on certain payments. now trader talk always needs to be discounted, but anyhow this demonstrates the mood.also, friday night i had a 3 hour one on one with the CEO of a decent-size london hedge fund who said that he is positioning himself for a sovereign default somewhere not too long from now.And a few days ago, Societe Generale’s Cross Asset Team published a 68 page report titled “Worst-case debt scenario – Protecting yourself against economic collapse”, projecting debt ratios for japan (blasting through 200%), US, UK and others. very depressing. get your hands on that report if you can.also – why is nobody raising the broader question about anglosaxon versus “Rhein”-model, the latter being the Continental European models. Germany seems to have fared very well in this, even though it also had some massive banks defaulting. Could it not be that what happened means that a softer, more long-term approach to economic development is more sustainable than the fast paced high testosterone of the anglosaxon model? and still, the english are angry that tony blair did not get the eu presidency, and somehow we see GM turning around, not selling Opel but instead again trying to force several european governments to hand it a few billions to keep the factories open…to me it looks like people’s behaviours have not changed – so better prepare for the japan scenario.apologies for the rambling:)

Crash866November 23rd, 2009 at 6:26 pm

Never have been, Never will be….. glad to see you see the light. You were wrong about your beliefs in the past. The Dems have always used the the little guy to further their agenda. Saying they care when the never have. The first step in healing is admitting your faults or errors.

GuestNovember 23rd, 2009 at 9:55 pm

Why Roubini can’t be right, because the mainsteam news media and BO say we are past the worst and in a strong recovery. Looks at home prices and the stock market, better buy before you’re priced out.Carry Trade and other tricks to suck the public dry.

Regan LinNovember 27th, 2009 at 2:05 pm

The global economy is in recession because aggregate demand has falled dramatically given the slowly-adjusting aggregate supply. The overhang of the US labor market will continue to put downward pressure on the world aggregate demand. However, the causality between unemployment and consumption should be further discussed. The financial crisis led firms and households to stall investment and consumption, not vice versa. Therefore, unemployment is an symptom of the current economics slowdown. The huge number of unemployment can only tell us of the degree and nature of this recession compared with other past recession.The dichotomy of our economy does not constitute more reason of pessimism. Healthier and wealthier section of our eocnomy will continue to support growth; the less healthy and poor section will take time to recover. As the less healthy and poort sections start to save and deleverage, they will eventually start spending more. [They are still spening. They are just not buying things that they want instead they maintain purchase of needs] But majority of the US consumption is contributed not by the wealthy households. The important fact is that less wealthy people tend to be more sensitive to wealth effect. So as economy grows and asset reflats, consumption will pick up drastically.So there should not be more pessimism

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